
Excerpted from James Hutton’s Theory of the Earth; or, an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land Upon the Globe, first presented before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March and April 1785, or 225 years ago:
“It is supposed that the same power of extreme heat by which every different mineral substance had been brought into a melted state might be capable of producing an expansive force sufficient for elevating the land from the bottom of the ocean to the place it now occupies above the surface of the sea…
A theory is thus formed with regard to a mineral system. In this system, hard and solid bodies are to be formed from soft bodies, from loose or incoherent materials, collected together at the bottom of the sea; and the bottom of the ocean is to be made to change its place… to be formed into land…
Having thus ascertained a regular system in which the present land of the globe had been first formed at the bottom of the ocean and then raised above the surface of the sea, a question naturally occurs with regard to time; what had been the space of time necessary for accomplishing this great work? …
We shall be warranted in drawing the following conclusions; 1st, That it had required an indefinite space of time to have produced the land which now appears; 2dly, That an equal space had been employed upon the construction of that former land from whence the materials of the present came; Lastly, That there is presently laying at the bottom of the ocean the foundations of future land…”
The earliest human artwork, tens of thousands of years old, is found on the rock walls of caves. Maps of rocks, like the Geologic Map of the United States by Philip B. King and Helen M. Beikman (US Geological Survey), are modern art.

The New York City Council mandated five weeks vacation for working horses. When horses run free…
“They don’t forget what grass is. Usually the first thing a horse does when it is set loose in a field or paddock will be to roll in a sandy spot. They will take great pleasure in this, and wave their feet in the air almost as if expressing joy and contentment as they scratch their backs. In Britain, it was said that when the pit ponies came up from the mines, often after months or years without seeing daylight or smelling grass, they invariably rolled and rolled.” Fran Jurga of Gloucester, Mass., who publishes the equine journal Hoofcare and Lameness